The U.S. Treasury Department has sanctioned a group of individuals and organizations accused of helping raise more than $2 million for Hamas through a fundraising operation that included cryptocurrency transfers and purported humanitarian donations.

Treasury said the six-year network involved a member of Hamas’s military wing, two people based in France and two charities. According to the department, the network used humanitarian fundraising appeals and crypto transactions to move money to Hamas.

The department alleged that Faouzi Barika and Amel Oualid collected donations in France for humanitarian purposes and later transferred the money to Hamas. The group is designated as a terrorist organization in numerous jurisdictions and has controlled the Gaza Strip since 2007.

Treasury said the network raised more than $2 million from 2020 through 2026, including $1.5 million after Hamas’s Oct. 7, 2023, attack on Israel. Barika and Oualid allegedly sent hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of cryptocurrency to Saleem Abdallah Saleem al-Zaq, a Gaza-based deputy battalion commander in Hamas’s Al-Qassam Brigades. Treasury did not say that cryptocurrency was used to transfer the entire amount raised by the network.

The latest sanctions reflect a broader U.S. focus on cryptocurrency’s place within wider fundraising and payment systems. Treasury officials have said Hamas and other militant groups still rely primarily on conventional financial channels, even as U.S. authorities have previously targeted crypto-related activity through sanctions and seizures.

The Treasury action follows reports last month that the Al-Qassam Brigades urged donors not to send cryptocurrency directly from Binance. Donors were reportedly directed toward other crypto services before funds were transferred to a TRON wallet.

The sanctions freeze any property or interests in property belonging to the designated parties that are located in the United States or otherwise under U.S. jurisdiction. U.S. persons are generally prohibited from transacting with the sanctioned individuals and organizations. Foreign financial institutions that knowingly facilitate significant transactions involving them could face secondary sanctions. The restrictions also cover entities that are 50% or more owned, directly or indirectly, by one or more designated parties.

“Terrorist organizations like Hamas rely on sophisticated financial facilitators and fraudulent schemes designed to exploit the public,” Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said.